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Polen


Nachhaltigkeit in der Landespolitik

Polnisches Umweltministerium (Polish environment ministry d )
UNESA: Bericht: Natural resource aspects of sustainable development in Poland d

Bericht des Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) d im Auftrag der EU-Kommission: "Requirements and Framework for Environment and Transport Telematics. Country Report: POLAND", November 1998 (WORD, 910 KB d ); Auszug: Air, Water and Soil QualitySince 1989, air pollution has declined, however, Poland still emits far greater amounts of the main pollutant substances than the countries of the OECD. A serious situation exists in the large industrial areas where the levels of emitted air pollutants are most concentrated. One of the worst affected regions is the Katowice voivodship, where allowable concentrations of major atmospheric pollutants have been exceeded for many years and severe ecological problems have resulted. The "Black Triangle" region at the border of Poland, the Czech Republic, and former East Germany has also seen chronic air pollution, with up to 3 million tons of SO2, and approximately 1 million tons of NOx emitted each year. The region is home to the largest basin of brown coal in Europe, and up until recently, approximately 200 million tons were produced per year. Surface water occupies 2.7 percent of the territory of the country. Lakes and rivers with dammed reservoirs dominate among these surface waters. The use of this water for economic purposes and the use of rivers, streams and lakes as sewage receptors for different branches of the economy serve as the two greatest influences. Over the last few decades, water intake has been systematically increasing, at around 15 km³ annually by the end of the 1970s. Over 83 percent of the water used for the national economy originates from surface waters, 14 percent comes from underground sources, and approximately 2 percent comes from water discharge in mines. Groundwater resources are located mostly in the quaternary water-bearing levels, which occupy large areas of Poland. The main and very difficult hazard to control for groundwater quality is non-point pollution connected to agricultural activities (fertilisers, plant protection chemicals, liquid manure, silage juices etc.), as well as atmospheric pollutants (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, heavy metals). Villages and city settlements without sewage treatment facilities also contribute to a deterioration in quality. High quality groundwater is needed and used on a very large scale to supply inhabitants, and that is why it is critical to monitor and preserve its status.
Mehr ...
Poland is one of the few countries in Europe to have prepared a detailed spatial plan of its soils. It possesses a full inventory of soil values and detailed maps of soil-nature and soil-agriculture. The average quality of Polish soil is fairly low. Only about 23 percent of cultivated soils can be considered good or very good, while the poorest soils cover over 30 percent of Polish cultivated land. Over 65 percent of the forests grow on poor sandy forest habitats. The value of usefulness of soils for agriculture as well as forestry in many western European countries such as France or Belgium which lie in the Atlantic climate zone is about 25 percent higher than the quality of Polish soils. The soil cover of Poland is characterised by large variability in terms of surface and vertical cross-section, with stretches of very good and very poor soils adjacent to each other. Agricultural activities (and partially forestry) as well as non-farming activities influence soil conditions. It is estimated that about 39 percent of the territory of Poland is threatened by water erosion and about 28 percent by wind erosion. Intensive and moderate water erosion threatens about 16 percent of the territory of Poland. Significant changes in the environment, including changes in the soil cover are the result of water system disturbances by people. Many soils suffer from deep transformation under the influence of reclamation. The smallest and relatively favourable changes resulting from reclamation have occurred in cultivated land. Chemical soil degradation is caused by chemical elements introduced by many pollutant sources, mainly industrial emissions of gasses and dusts. In some regions of the country, particularly in the south and south-west, large areas of soil have undergone chemical degradation as the result of excessive accumulation of trace elements in the surface layer.



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[ Zuletzt geändert: 20.10.2008 14:46:58 ]